农村互联网发展对中国玉米全要素生产率的影响

采用DEA-mamlquist指数测算2004—2019年中国17个玉米主产省(区)的全要素生产率,运用联立方程组模型实证检验农村互联网发展对玉米全要素生产率的影响及其作用机理,并分区域探讨其差异性。结果显示:2004—2019年中国玉米全要素生产率年均增长0.2%,主要依靠技术进步的单轨模式驱动。农村互联网的发展显著(P<0.01)提升玉米全要素生产率,主要依靠技术进步和技术效率的协同作用驱动。分区域来看,农村互联网发展对玉米全要素生产率均具有显著(P<0.01)的促进作用,其影响程度由高到低依次为北方春播玉米区>黄淮海平原夏播玉米区>西北灌溉玉米区>西南山地玉米区。建议进一步提高农村互联网的配套设施建设,发挥互联网“连接经济”的优势,应用多元化互联网技术,促进不同生态类型区玉米生产效率的提升。     

滴灌下生物质改良材料对盐渍土水盐氮运移的调控效应

为探究生物质改良材料对滴灌盐渍土水、盐、肥运移过程的调控效应，采用土箱模拟试验，研究了水肥一体化滴灌条件下，生物炭和腐殖酸两种改良材料对盐渍土水、盐、氮运移和再分布过程及其时空分布特征的影响规律。结果表明：在滴灌条件下，盐渍土壤水盐的时空动态变化表现出明显的水分入渗驱动的盐分运移过程和蒸发扩散驱动的水盐再分布过程；铵态氮含量在时间上表现出先增大、后减小的变化趋势，在空间上的运移再分布特征较弱；硝态氮含量初始时空分布表现出与水盐相似的运移特征，受铵态氮硝化作用的多重影响，后期空间分布与铵态氮空间分布相似；生物炭通过提高土壤饱和导水率，增大了入渗阶段土壤水、盐、氮的运移速率和分布范围；腐殖酸通过提高土壤田间持水率增大了再分布过程土壤水、盐、氮的分布范围和强度，同时其对尿素的水解和硝化过程表现出更强的抑制效果。应用生物质改良材料在改变土壤物理性状进而调控滴灌土壤水盐运移的同时，还影响土壤氮素转化运移过程及其分布，这为水肥一体化滴灌盐渍农田的节水、控盐、减肥治理提供了理论基础。     

不同产地香菇氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

为比较不同产地香菇的氨基酸组成差异,使用氨基酸自动分析仪快速检测了5种不同产地香菇的氨基酸组成,采用氨基酸比值系数法对其氨基酸进行营养价值评价。结果表明,不同产地香菇的氨基酸含量不同,总氨基酸含量在(14.39～18.71) g/100 g;必需氨基酸含量相差较大,其范围为(4.68～6.33) g/100 g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)的平均值为34%,必需氨基酸占非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)的平均值为51%。在5种香菇样品中,亮氨酸的比值系数(RC)最小,为第一限制性氨基酸,氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)平均值为87.846。四川通江(Q5)香菇的SRC值最高,且各必需氨基酸的RC值与1接近,与模式氨基酸最接近,因此从氨基酸含量及必需氨基酸所占比例来讲,四川通江(Q5)香菇的品质最佳,可作为香菇蛋白产品开发与利用的理想资源。     

氮磷钾配比对长优2号产量和经济性状的影响

采用“3414”方案设计试验,研究氮磷钾不同配比施肥对长优2号产量及经济性状的影响,结果表明,氮、磷、钾对长优2号都有一定的增产效应,其中以氮的增产效应最为显著,磷与钾次之。初步得出本次试验最佳施肥量为“N”16.23㎏/667㎡、“P2O5”8.46㎏/667㎡、“K2O”16.06㎏/667㎡,NPK比接近“1：0.5：1”水平。     

内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量

为了给内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）测土施氮奠定科学基础，本研究采用“零散实验数据整合法”和“养分平衡-地力差减法”新应用公式，开展了该自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量研究。结果表明：内蒙古高原生长第1年紫花苜蓿土壤碱解氮第1~6级丰缺指标为≥48，20~48，8~20，4~8，2~4和<2 mg·kg^-1，土壤全氮第1~5级丰缺指标为≥1.4，0.8~1.4，0.4~0.8，0.2~0.4和<0.2 g·kg^-1，土壤有机质第1~6级丰缺指标为≥17，10~17，6~10，3~6，2~3和<2 g·kg^-1。当紫花苜蓿目标产量9~18 t·hm^-2、氮肥利用率40%时，内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿第1~6级土壤推荐施氮量分别为0，68~135，135~270，203~405，270~540和338~675 kg·hm^-2。     

草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织高质量总RNA提取方法的研究

基于传统的酸性酚—异硫氰酸胍—氯仿一步提取法,比较分析多种优化操作步骤,摸索出一种高质量提取体质量为80~150 g草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织总RNA的改良方法。试验结果显示,相较于肝脏、脾脏、肠道等脏器组织,草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织RNA丰度低,且极易在样品前处理阶段出现顽固性降解问题。探索发现,将取样量增至约30 mg,可提升RNA产量以满足常规试验需求。针对降解难题,改良常规的样品前处理技术流程,采用鲜样液氮速冻,冻样直接放入TRIzol试剂中裂解,并即刻进行长时间机械匀浆,时长约3 min等核心操作步骤,可显著降低脂肪组织样品RNA的降解。Agilent生物分析仪检测结果显示,改良方法提取的草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织RNA完整度高,关键RIN值为8.7~9.0。研究推测,长时间机械匀浆所形成的持续剪切冲击力或许有助于TRIzol试剂中的异硫氰酸胍等成分突破油滴阻碍而有效抑制内源性RNA酶。本方法提取的草鱼脂肪组织总RNA质量可满足高通量转录组测序要求。     

动物饲料国际贸易、养殖密度与环境氮磷平衡的关系

粮食和饲料的国际贸易促进了许多国家农业生产系统的专业化和集约化。专业化动物养殖越来越多地依赖进口大豆和玉米,虽然提高了动物生产力,但也促使作物和动物生产系统在空间上的分离。本文综述了几十年来全球范围内大豆和玉米的贸易变化,并将其与养殖密度和整个食品系统中营养平衡的变化联系起来。这一变化与不同的营养管理条例的差异和动物饲养密度的空间变化有关。深入解析这些变化有助于理解动物饲料国际贸易、养殖密度与氮磷平衡之间的复杂关系。     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

Determination of critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area index for winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.     

Carbohydrate and crude protein fractions in perennial ryegrass as affected by defoliation frequency and nitrogen application rate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of defoliation frequency (either at two‐ or three‐leaf stage) and nitrogen (N) application rate (0, 75, 150, 300, 450 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) on herbage carbohydrate and crude protein (CP) fractions, and the water‐soluble carbohydrate‐to‐protein ratio (WSC:CP) in perennial ryegrass swards. Crude protein fractions were analysed according to the Cornell carbohydrate and protein system. Carbohydrate fractions were analysed by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography. Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP, reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage (P < 0·001). The effect of defoliation frequency was less marked during early spring and autumn (P < 0·001) than for the rest of the seasons. An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC, fructans and neutral detergent fibre (P < 0·001), and positively associated with CP and nitrate (N‐NO₃) contents of herbage. Nitrogen application rate did not affect CP fractions of herbage (P > 0·05). The fluctuations in CP and WSC contents of herbage resulted in lower WSC:CP ratios during early spring and autumn (0·45:1 and 0·75:1 respectively) than in late spring (1·11:1). The herbage WSC:CP ratio was greater (P < 0·001) at the three‐leaf than the two‐leaf defoliation stage and declined as the N application increased in all seasons (P < 0·001). The results of this study indicate that CP and carbohydrate fractions of herbage can be manipulated by sward defoliation frequency and N application rate. The magnitude of these effects, however, may vary with the season.